20世纪70年代晚些时候,来自皇家柏斯医院(Royal Perth Hospital)的病理学家J. Robin Warren就开始在慢性胃炎患者的胃部组织样本中发现一种特殊的弯曲菌,患者的胃粘膜炎症往往优先癌症发生,研究者J. Robin Warren和Barry J. Marshall就推测这种细菌(如今被称之为幽门螺杆菌)就是引发胃炎的罪魁祸首;Marshall就阐述了微生物群落和炎性状况之间的因果关系,他利用自己的胃部组织进行研究表明胃部并不含有幽门螺杆菌,随后利用幽门螺杆菌自我感染,最终引发了胃炎;如今科学家们认为全球大约50%的人群都携带有幽门螺杆菌,而且该菌可以引发胃炎和胃溃疡,同时也是胃癌发病的最大风险因素。研究者Marshall和Warren因其研究工作获得了2005年的诺贝尔生理学及医学奖。
【1】N. Iida et al.,“Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment” Science,342:967-70, 2013.
【2】S. Viaud et al.,“The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide,” Science,342:971-76, 2013.
【3】J.R. Warren,B. Marshall,“Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis,” Lancet,321:1273-75, 1983.
【4】B.J. Marshall et al.,“Attempt to fulfil Koch’s postulates for pyloric Campylobacter,” Med J Aust,142:436-39, 1985.
【5】J. Parsonnet et al.,“Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma,” N Engl J Med,325:1127-31, 1991.
【6】S. Kado et al.,“Intestinal microflora are necessary for development of spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the large intestine in T-cell receptor β chain and p53 double-knockout mice,” Cancer Res,61:2395-98, 2001.
【7】J.V. Newman et al.,“Bacterial infection promotes colon tumorigenesis in ApcMin/ mice,” J Infect Dis,184:227-30, 2001.
【8】S.E. Erdman et al.,“CD4 CD25 regulatory T lymphocytes inhibit microbially induced colon cancer in Rag2-deficient mice” Am J Pathol,162:691-702, 2003.
【9】J.P. Zackular et al.,“The human gut microbiome as a screening tool for colorectal cancer,”Cancer Prev Res,7:1112-21, 2014.
【10】G. Zeller et al.,“Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer,”Mol Syst Biol,10:766, 2014.
【11】J.P. Zackular et al.,“The gut microbiome modulates colon tumorigenesis,” mBio,4:e00692-13,2013.
【12】J.P. Zackular et al.,“Manipulation of the gut microbiota reveals role in colon tumorigenesis,” mSphere,doi:10.1128/mSphere.00001-15,2015.
【13】V.P. Rao et al.,“Innate immune inflammatory response against enteric bacteria Helicobacter hepaticus induces mammary adenocarcinoma in mice,”Cancer Res, 66:7395,2006.
【14】A. Sivan et al.,“Commensal Bifidobacterium promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti-PD-L1 efficacy,” Science,350:1084-89,2015.
【15】M. Vétizou et al.,“Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota,”Science,350:1079-84,2015.
【16】J. Li et al., Probiotics modulated gut microbiota suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth in mice,”PNAS,doi:10.1073/pnas.1518189113,2016.